Astaamaha:
- Oogada siman
– Aagga xiriirka weyn
- Nolol shaqo oo dheer
– Xasilooni sare
Dharka qalajiyaha
Astaamaha:
- Oogada siman
– Meel weyn oo lagala xidhiidho
- Nolosha dheer ee hawlgalka
– Degganaanshiyo sare
Codsiga
- Warqadda Baakadaha
– Warqad Dhaqan
– Warqad Gaar ah
Faa'iidooyinka dharka qalajiyaha
- Hufnaanta sare ee hawlgalka: yaraynta waraaqaha, yaraynta wakhtiyada xidhitaanka ku meel gaadhka ah
- Waxtarka kuleyliyaha sare ee wareejinta: saamaynta wareejinta kulaylka wanaagsan, badbaadinta tamarta
- Cimri dheer: caabbinta hydrolysis
- Rakibado fudud: tol qumman iyo qalab tolid